Background and objectives: Increase in global warming and environmental issues, public opinion pressure, especially in urban areas near cane fields, the necessity of replacing green harvesting sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum) instead of burning up is increasing. To set on fire cane fields also due to lose about 20 T ha-1 herbaceous (Trash blanket) remains can change to organic matter and help to soil fertility and sustainable production of sugarcane in Khuzestan. Materials and methods: To evaluation quantity and quality indices at harvesting time in green harvesting method and comparison with burnt harvesting losses a test performed in 2015-2016 growing season at Imam Khomeini Agro Industry Company. The experiment design was a split plot based on complete randomized block with four replications. Three sugarcane cultivars were as main plots and five harvesting methods and ratooning after harvesting were as sub plots considered. Infield losses such as complete cane, chopper cane, unravel cane, uncut cane, total losses, pol percent and cane yield was studied in test units. A SAS (v 9. 2) software was used for accounts statistical and LSD test for means comparison. Results and Discussion: The results showed that cultivars had significant effect on all of measured characteristics. The highest and lowest unravel cane loses was observed in cultivar of CP73-21 (2. 65 T ha-1) and CP48-103 (1. 23Tha-1), respectively. Maximum total of losses belong CP73-21 cultivar (12. 14Tha-1) and minimum (4. 46Tha-1) belong CP48 cultivar. Because of difference between sugarcane cultivars in terms of cane length, leaf numbers, maturation stage period and tolerance to logging, these characteristics have important role in field losses. The highest unravel cane losses belong whole of green harvesting methods (without significant different between themselves) with nearly (2Tha-1) and the lowest unravel cane was observed burnt harvesting (1. 35Tha-1). Green harvesting methods had more losses than burnt harvesting method. Because leaves and top are green at harvesting time in green harvesting method so losses amount in green harvesting method is higher than burnt method. The highest pol percent belong pre and middle mature cultivar. Method harvesting had not significant different on pol percent. The highest cane yield was observed in CP69-1062 cultivar (92. 87Tha-1) and the lowest cane yield was observed in CP73-21 cultivar (65. 4Tha-1). Average yield of burnt harvesting was 83. 19Tha-1 and average yield of total green harvesting methods was 73. 68T ha-1. Generally, yield of green harvesting methods had yield about 11% lower than burnt harvesting methods. Conclusion: Because researches about green harvesting sugarcane start lately in Iran and because infield losses is higher in early maturity cultivar than other cultivars and need to technical changes about sugarcane harvesters for field losses decrease, current green cane harvesting must be start with middle maturity and late maturity cultivars.

In this paper, the dynamics of multicellular chopper are considered. The model is described by a continuous time three{dimensional autonomous system. Some basic dynamical properties such as Poincar e mapping, power spectrum and chaotic behaviors are studied. Analysis results show that this system has complex dynamics with some interesting characteristics.

A new device was designed for chopping fodder and for its automation. To feed the fodder into the jaws of the chopper, a coupler curve of a four-bar mechanism was used. The most efficient and time saving method of selection of the coupler curve was identified, accordingly an Atlas of these curves, for the first time in Iran, containing more than 8000 items was produced. The device can be operated manually as well as by an electric motor. It is shown that the performance of the designed machine is 9 times better than the commonly used choppers.

A prototype of a straw chopper, equipped with a discharge system was designed and fabricated in the Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. To test for the effective performance of the machine, the effects of such parameters as: drum speed (at three levels of: 400, 540, and 800 rpm), screen size (at two levels: 2.5 and 4 cm), and number of blades on each flange (4 and 8 blades), on power requirement for particle size reduction, chopping capacity, and straw particle size distribution were investigated. Based on the results, with increase in drum speed, power requirement as well as threshing capacity increased. There was no significant difference observed between drum speeds of 540 and 800 rpm as regards particle size distribution, while a speed of 400 rpm resulted in longer particles, therefore a drum speed range of 540 to 800 rpm was recommended. With decrease in screen openings' size, the power requirements increased while the threshing capacity decreasing. Screen size of 2.5 cm led to finer particles. With an increase in the number of blades on each flange, the power requirements decreased while the threshing capacity increasing. Since there was no significant difference observed between the numbers of the two sets of blades as regards particle size distribution, it is recommended that 8 blades be installed on each flange. The power requirement can thus be reduced and the cutting capacity increased.

In this study, we aimed to design and make an electric forage chopper having a cylinder type cutterhead. In recent years, several models of forage chopper have been manufactured but each of these machines has had problems such as type of power supply system, type of cutting mechanism and feeding mechanism, lack of safety, etc. These problems were solved in this study. In the device that was manufactured in this research, feed rolls rotational speed, rotational speed of the cutting cylinder, blades’ helix angle and blades’ rake angle was adjustable. So, with these capabilities, these variables can be optimized for any kind of forage, and this information can be used to design and construct suitable machines for crushing any kind of forage. Alfalfa was used to test the machine, where its test matrix was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) modeling method. The results showed that, on average, power requirements for chopping alfalfa was decreased from 12. 6 to 9. 7% by increasing the helix angle from 0° to 10° and from 10° to 20° , respectively. As rotational speed of the cutting cylinder increases from 500 to 800 rpm, the power used for chopping forage increases by about 56 W. In the conducted tests, maximum power requirements for chopping alfalfa was roughly equal to 200W, which was associated with 158. 5 rpm feed rolls rotational speed, 800 rpm rotational speed of the cutting cylinder, and helix angle of zero. Contrarily, minimum power requirements for chopping alfalfa was 114W which was related to 158. 5 rpm feed rolls rotational speed, 500 rpm rotational speed of the cutting cylinder, and 20º helix angle. Optimizing test results showed that the most suitable values for the feed rolls rotational speed, rotational speed of the cutting cylinder, and helix angle were 150 rpm, 677 rpm, and 9. 22º , respectively, provided that power requirements and particle size are minimized and device capacity is maximized.

For the ion beam analysis of insulating materials, we have investigated the design and calibration of an ion beam chopper. The chopper consists of a holder, a chopper plate, four photo sensors, a stepper motor, and an electronic control unit. The chopper plate was designed based on sharing an equal fraction of the ion beam between the chopper and the target. The situation of the chopper to the ion beam is controllable by using four photo-sensors around it. The time intervals in which the material is analyzed and the number of incident ions measured are determined via gate pulses governed by the sensors’ signals. The ion beam current was measured by charge integration at the chopper plate. We calculated the charge correction factors to eliminate the contribution of secondary electrons to the measurements. The measurements were done via Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) analysis of a thin Au layer deposited on Si wafer with helium and proton ions in the energy range of 1-2. 2 MeV with a precision of less than 5%. The charge correction factors are independent of the ion beam current.

Considering the increasing population of the world and the lack of human food sources, it is very important to pay more attention to fodder plants that can indirectly supply human food. By using choppers, a large amount of fodder can be transported and prepared for anaerobic fermentation of fodder. In this research, a control mechanism has been proposed to change the angle of the knives on the cutting drum with a tangent plane on the circumference of the drum in order to change the distance between the knives and the fixed knife and change the length of the pieces. The mechanism was analyzed in SAM software, and then the three-dimensional model of different blade angle states was designed and analyzed in CATIA V5 R21 software. According to the obtained data, although the Von Mises stresses occur at the minimum angle of 22 degrees and the maximum Von Mises stress occurs at an angle of 16. 5 degrees, there is no significant difference in the amount of stresses. Therefore, this mechanism can be recommended for all the mentioned situations (angles). For 1600rpm rotational speed and 6083 N/m line force density the occurred Von Mises stress in 22 degree angle is lower than zero degree angle.

In addition to its natural and initial functions, walking stick or cane, as an important cultural and mythical symbol, has a great presence in myths and religions. Once upon a time, it was used as a simple tool in routine tasks; but gradually it acquired new functions in the life of people. In subsequent periods and in close relation with the intellectual development of man, it emerged in symbolic form. Symbolic functions of cane have been changed in different mythical and religious periods. Sometimes due to these changes, its connection with its roots is cut away and appears in a different form. On the other hand, along with technological advances, the functions of cane are assigned to more advanced instruments such as spear, bow, sword and modern weapons. In the present article the attempt is made to explain the role of cane and its various functions in myths and epics in conjunction with the gods, kings and heroes. Also, its presence in different religions and its symbolic roles as well as gradual change of these roles are considered.

Sugar cane juice can be better clarified and decolorized by ultra-filtration than by other techniques. In this article application of ultra-filtration in the clarification of cane sugar juice has been described, Several experiments were car­ried out on the raw sugar juice, and decolorization and permeate flux have been studied in this system; furthermore by consideration of different theoretical models, gel layer model have been proposed for this system.